潜意识有多强大，远超我们的想象
The Subconscious, Far Stronger Than the Conscious We Could Ever Imagine
导读：本文主要针对我们听说已久，却不甚明了的潜意识，给大家讲讲它在我们生命中的重要性，并对比弗洛伊德的潜意识，看看新潜意识有什么发现。
Reading Guide: This article focuses on the subconscious we have heard a long time ago but are not so clearly aware of. We are going to explain it to you how important it is to our life, and what we can find in the newly conceptual definition as compared with the traditional one proposed by Sigmund Freud (an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, May 06, 1856 to September 23, 1939).
潜意识是弗洛伊德最早提出的概念，也可以说是他对心理学的重大贡献之一，虽然现代心理学家已经有很多人并不认同弗洛伊德的那套学说，包括他后来两位知名的弟子荣格、阿德勒都分别与他分道扬镳，说明他的理论确实存在一些缺陷。但毋容置疑，潜意识的概念确实给了我们一个全新的视角去审视人的内心问题。弗洛伊德的著作《梦的解析》对梦、自由联想及口误等很多研究，都是基于潜意识这个概念。为了方便非专业人士的理解，我们先给大家简单介绍一下什么叫潜意识。
First advanced by Sigmund Freud, the theory of subconscious was one of his major contributions to psychology, though many modern psychologists have disagreed with Freudian's, including his two famous disciples Jung and Adler whose studies finally diverged from his – this explains there are truly some defects in his arguments. The concept of subconscious has undoubtedly given us a new perspective to examine human's inmost problems, like studies of dream, free association and Freudian Slip found in The Interpretation of Dreams based upon the subconscious. For easier understanding of the non-professionals, let us give you a brief introduction to what is called the subconscious.
给大家一副冰山图来配合讲解：
Hereunder is a picture of iceberg for illustration:
这是一座冰山，从中我们可以发现，冰山露在水面的其实只有很少一部分，大部分都在水底。而弗洛伊德认为，人的意识也是这种状况，我们平时能够意识到的，比如我们知道现在自己在想什么、担心什么、为什么开心，这些都是意识层面的内容，你也可以称之为显意识，这就跟冰山露出水面的部分一样，它是可见的。但其实影响我们人类思想、情绪及行为的很大一部分却像这座冰山一样，在水面以下，也就是我们看不到的地方，弗洛伊德将这里称为潜意识。当然还有一个前意识的说法，也就是认为水平面的这个地方，它是阻挡或释放潜意识内容到意识层面的关卡。
As you can see from this picture, only a tiny part of the iceberg is exposed to the surface of the water, most of which are under and unexposed. According to Freud, human consciousness is also in the same situation, which is divided into three parts: the conscious (explicit and exposed consciousness) that we can feel and sense, e.g. what we are thinking, worrying or exciting about, like the exposed tip of the iceberg, is visible; the subconscious defined by Freud as the one having substantial impact on our thoughts, emotions and acts like the submerged ice part, is invisible; and the preconscious is the loci of water level preceding consciousness serving as a valve to either block or release any latent thoughts to the conscious level.
有一部非常有趣的高分心理学动画片《头脑特工队》，其中有一段：当乐乐和忧忧去寻找小女孩最深的潜意识恐惧时，他们需要穿过一道门，而这道门外面有两个守卫，我们可以将这两个守卫理解为前意识。忧忧如何欺骗守卫最终进入潜意识，可以认为是一段有趣的突破防卫案例。
Inside Out, a high-score psychological animated film, had a story like this: when Joy and Sadness went to find the deepest subconscious fear of the little girl, they needed to pass through a door where two security guards stood. We may take this two guards as our preconscious, and how Sadness was able to work his way to bypass the security into the sanctum of subconscious is a fun case of breaking defense.
当然，由于弗洛伊德的这套理论已经遭到很多心理学家的质疑，因此我们是否需要了解得如此深入，看看你是否需要应对考试了。但弗洛伊德关于潜意识的这个概念确实对心理学的发展起到了非常大的助力。很多人的心理问题之所以难以解决，就是因为这些问题的根源都隐藏在那些我们看不见、不知道如何去研究的潜意识里。比如包括最深层的精神、灵性的东西、还有我们被深埋的欲望（比如性的压抑，这是弗洛伊德被诟病最多的地方，因为他将很多问题都归结于性的压抑，还采用了一个“力比多”的概念来描述这种被压抑的性力）、还有我们的信念、价值观（有时我们自以为知道，其实很多深层的信念我们是不清楚的，但它们却深深地隐藏在潜意识中并对我们产生巨大的影响）以及一些深层的感受等。
However, since Freud's theory has been questioned by many psychologists, we don't really need to have an in-depth understanding unless we are required to take some examinations. Despite all the negative comments, the subconscious initiated by Freud did contribute a lot to the development of psychology. Many unsolvable psychological problems have their roots hidden in that unseen and unlearnable level, such as the inmost spiritual things, deep-buried desires (e.g. sexual repression most criticized by Freud who attributed many problems to this with a term 'libido' descriptive of the repressed sexual desire), as well as our beliefs and values (that we take for granted even when we are factually unaware of their deeper implications impacting substantially on us) and some gnosis feelings.
与弗洛伊德分道扬镳的弟子荣格还提出了一个“集体无意识”的概念，在荣格看来，集体无意识的内容是原始的，包括本能和原型。它以一种不明确的记忆形式积淀在人的大脑组织结构之中，在一定条件下能被唤醒、激活。荣格认为“集体无意识”中积淀着的原始意象是艺术创作源泉。一个象征性的作品，其根源只能在“集体无意识”领域中找到，它使人们看到或听到人类原始意识的原始意象或遥远回声，并形成顿悟，产生美感。这某种程度上其实符合最新的潜意识研究，科学家发现，潜意识也具有社会性，人与人之间的潜意识还会相互影响。
Karl Jung who broke away from Freud also proposed a concept of 'collective unconsciousness', which, in his view, is primeval, including instinct and prototype. It is sedimentary in the structure of human brain in an ambiguous form of memory and can be aroused and activated under certain conditions. Jung holds that the original image accumulated in the collective unconsciousness is the source of artistic creation. Only in the 'collective unconsciousness' can you find the roots of any symbolic work, enabling us to see or hear those primordial imagoes or distant echoes in human's original consciousness, thus to form epiphany and produce aesthetic feeling. This is to some extent in line with the latest research – scientists have found out that the subconscious is not only social, but also interactive among individualistic ones.
最幽深私密的灵魂圣殿中，有一扇隐秘的小门，它就是梦。梦之门开启了通往原始的宇宙之夜，称之为灵魂。在自我意识存在之前，灵魂早已存在，并且远远超出自我意识所能抵达的范围。
— 卡尔•荣格
The dream is the small hidden door in the deepest and most intimate sanctum of the soul, which opens to that primeval cosmic night that was soul long before there was conscious ego and will be soul far beyond what a conscious ego could ever reach.
By Karl Jung
以上是对弗洛伊德的潜意识的一个简单描述，虽然他的理论现在受到很多心理学家的诟病，但其潜意识的概念确实影响到了我们后来的很多心理研究及治疗工作，比如包括对梦的解释、包括催眠等。而且很多心理咨询的过程中都发现，影响一个人的行为及情绪的原因，往往都不在我们的显意识层面，很多问题深埋在我们的潜意识中，我们必须将其深挖出来，将隐藏的问题解决后，才能最终解决我们在现实生活中的困境。
This is a brief description of Freud's subconscious. Although his theory is now criticized by many psychologists, the concept of which has a substantial impact on our psychological studies and treatments, including the interpretation of dreams and hypnosis etc. It has been found in the process of psychological counseling that the root causes of a person's behavior and emotions are often not in our conscious level, rather, they are deeply buried in our subconscious waiting to be dug out for the final solution to our problems in real life.
不管怎么说，我们目前虽然对潜意识的研究一直还没有一个清晰明确的结论，但其影响毋庸置疑，基于潜意识的研究一直也没有停歇。为了区别于弗洛伊德的潜意识，现代心理学家提出了一个“新潜意识”的概念，代表着基于新的技术和研究测量方法来研究潜意识的全新尝试。
Whatever to say, the influence of subconscious study is beyond all doubt, though no clear and explicit conclusion has ever been made resulting in incessant continuations of the research. To differentiate Freud's concept, modern psychologists put forward a 'new subconscious', a fresh new attempt based on new technologies and measurements.
新潜意识并不像弗洛伊德那样将潜意识看作是一个“燥热而潮湿的，迸溅出贪欲和愤怒”。“充斥着幻觉、放浪不羁、毫无道理可言”的阴暗之地，转而以“一种更友善更温和，与生活更息息相关的思想”来应对。在新潜意识理念里，心理历程被认为是在潜意识中运作的，因为大脑的构造使它们无法被意识所触及，而并不是出于像压抑之类的动力。新潜意识里的不可接近性并不是一种不健康的防卫机制（在弗洛伊德的观念中特指当个人应付挫折时，为了减低焦虑和愧疚的心理所采取的一些习惯性的适应动作），而被认为是正常的。在新潜意识中，科学家甚至认为潜意识与我们的脑神经结构也有相对性。新潜意识在我们的人生中扮演着极为重要的角色，它是让人类这个物种能够在进化中存活的天赋秉异。
Unlike Freud, the new one does not regard the subconscious as 'sultry and damp, splashing greediness and anger', a shadowland that is 'rife with hallucinations, wild oats and nonsenses', rather, it is 'friendlier and gentler and more closely related to life'. In the new one, mental processes are thought to operate in the subconscious, inaccessible by consciousness due to our brain structure, and not to operate with stimuluses such as depression. The inaccessibility in the new concept is not an unhealthy defense mechanism (which refers to Freud's arguments on some habitual adaptive actions taken by individuals to reduce anxiety and guilt when dealing with setbacks), rather, it is considered normal. In the new concept, scientists even believe the subconscious has relativity with the structure of our brain nerves. The new subconscious plays a significant role in our lives that has survived as an independently gifted dower in the evolution of human species.
潜意识主宰着我们的精神活动，它是所有脊椎动物大脑中的标配，而意识更像是产品的附加功能。人的感觉系统每秒都在向大脑传递11,000,000比特的信息，而我们的意识每秒能够处理的信息实际上大约只有16到50比特。我们只能察觉到大约5%的认知功能，而其余那95%都游离于我们的察觉力之外，并在我们的生活中施以巨大的影响。可想而知，我们的潜意识具备多么大的能力。
The subconscious dominates our mental activities, which is a standard configuration in the brain of all vertebrates, whereas the conscious is merely its additional function. The human sensory system transmits 11,000,000 bps to the brain, as compared with 16 to 50 bps processed by our consciousness. And we can only perceive about 5% of our cognitive functions, while the remaining 95% are outside our awareness but exert a tremendous impact on our lives. You can just imagine how powerful our subconscious is.
以前在心理学界有一种说法，改变你的潜意识才能改变你的现实世界，其实是有道理的，我们人类大多数活动都受到潜意识的支配而不自知。我们甚至可以怀疑到底有没有自我意识。假如我们生命中的大多数决策都是由潜意识做出，我们根本意识不到，那我们能算是有自我意识的动物么？
As a saying prevalent in psychology goes, only by changing your subconscious can you change your world in reality, which makes sense. Most of our activities are unknowingly dominated by the subconscious. We can even question the existence of conscious ego, since most of our decisions are made by our subconscious without our knowledge – can we still call ourselves a self-conscious creature?
无论你的大脑做什么事情，潜意识其实主宰着你的精神活动。研究发现，我们可能因为名字相同而选择了终生伴侣、我们可能仅仅因为股票的名字读起来更顺而投资了这只股票、我们会应为食品包装分量的不同而影响我们的食量，这样的心理学研究案例非常多，也越来越让我们质疑人是否是理性的，或者从本文的角度来说，我们是否可以用我们的显意识来掌控我们的生活。
Whatever you do, the subconscious is psychoactive as a master of your brain. Studies have found that we may choose a lifelong partner because we happen to have the same name, or invest in the stock simply for the name of the stock that reads better, or spoil our appetite due to a different packing size of the same food. There are so many case studies that sometimes we doubt if man is really rational, or if we could soberly control our own life.
潜意识是一个非常有趣，影响深远的领域，无论如何，我们应该花一些时间了解潜意识是什么，能产生什么作用，这样我们才能更加清楚自己做出的决策，也才有可能找到方法去进行一些改变。
The subconscious is a fun realm with far-reaching influence. In any case, we should spend some time to get to know what the subconscious is and how capable it will be so that we can be more aware of our decisions and find ways to make some better changes.
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[中文原文及图像来源：一味心斋，百度，今日头条]
