This article originally appeared on our sister website, That's Shanghai.
By Cathy Wu
Qingming Festival, also known as 'Tomb-Sweeping Day' or 'Pure Brightness Festival,' is a traditional Chinese festival that falls in early April every year, on the first day of the fifth solar term of the traditional Chinese lunisolar calendar. This year, it falls on April 5.
Qingming became a public holiday in mainland China in 2008. As the name implies, on this day, Chinese people usually visit their ancestors' graves, burn offerings to honor the dead or have an outing to enjoy the beauty of spring.
Origins of Qingming
Qingming originates from 'Hanshi Jie' (Cold Food Festival) as a memorial to Jie Zitui, a loyal retainer of Duke Wen of Jin during the Spring and Autumn period (from approximately 771 to 476 BC). Jie followed and supported Duke Wen throughout his years of exile. Once, when they could not find anything to eat, Jie was said to have cut his own flesh to boil a meat soup to feed the starving Duke Wen.
When Duke Wen came into power, Jie chose to retire and become a recluse in the woods. Duke Wen needed to pick Jie's brain, so he decided to seek him out. But how could he find a man hiding in the depths of the woods? One of his retainers suggested he set a fire to force Jie out — terrible advice which Duke Wen took. Tragically, Jie and his mother died in the fire.
After the fire, Duke Wen found a poem written in Jie's blood in the hollow part of a willow tree, close to where Jie died with his mother. The poem read, "I cut my flesh to show my loyalty, and want you to become a qingming (wise and sagacious in Chinese) emperor." Duke Wen was overcome with remorse after reading it and ordered three days without fire to memorialize him. The day Jie died was called 'Hanshi.'
The next year, Duke Wen led his retainers to climb the mountain and paid homage to Jie's grave. He was thrilled to find the willow tree was still flourishing. He named the tree the 'Qingming willow,' and the day afterwards officially became known as the 'Hanshi Qingming Festival.' Later, the two festivals were combined.
The festival later became a more general day to honor deceased ancestors during the reign of Emporer Xuanzong in the Tang Dynasty. Xuanzong sought to crack down on wealthy Chinese citizens honoring ancestors with extravagant and ostentatious ceremonies, so in 732 AD he declared that such festivities could be formally paid just one day per year — Qingming.
One of the best-known Chinese paintings is Qing Ming Shang He Tu (清明上河图) “Along the River During the Qingming Festival” by Song Dynasty (960-1126) artist Zhang Zeduan, a panoramic capturing the commotion of people in Song period capital city Bianjing, modern day Kaifeng, Henan.
The picture depicts the custom of Taqing (踏青) "treading on the greenery," which continues to this day. The festival also signifies the changeover of the season from winter to spring, so people believe it is the perfect time for an outing, and also to plant seeds for plants or trees.
Qingming Activities
Of course, the main activity of Qingming is tomb sweeping. Generally, people visit their family cemeteries, and offer food, flowers and favorite items of the dead. If the cemetery regulations allow it, they will burn paper money and incense before the tombstone.
Chinese people also like to fly kites during Qingming Festival. That's because people in ancient times believed that on Qingming, the gates of hell were open, which meant that they could send their greetings to the departed by kite. These days people cut their kites loose when flying them in hopes that it will bring them good luck in the new year.
Qingming Eats
Jujube cakes
A plate of qingtuan
Traditionally, people do not light a fire or cook, but eat only cold food during Qingming. These days, several Qingming snacks are enjoyed by Chinese people. In the north, people eat precooked cold food like jujube cakes, barley cakes, etc; and in the south, qingtuan (green rice balls made of rice flour and wormwood juice) and sweet-scented sugar lotus root stuffed with sticky rice are common refreshments.
Poems about Qingming
Famed poet Du Mu wrote a poem about Qingming festival depicting a rainy scene in a village which captured mourners' desolation. Here is a translated version of the poem:
《清明》(唐)杜牧
清明时节雨纷纷，路上行人欲断魂。
借问酒家何处有？牧童遥指杏花村。
"Qingming" by Du Mu (translated by Xu Yuanchong)
A drizzling rain falls like tears on the Mourning Day;
The mourner's heart is going to break on his way.
Where can a wineshop be found to drown his sad hours?
A cowherd points to a cot 'mid apricot flowers.
For more of The Explainer, click here.
[Images via Sina, 51hicheng, Xinhua, Binbin]
This article was originally published in April 2016 by our sister magazine That's Shanghai, it has been updated and republished on April 3, 2018. For more articles like this, visit the That's Shanghai website, or follow the That's Shanghai WeChat account (ID: Thats_Shanghai).
